The probes are linked examination an exterior datalogger and gear supply after which installed in soil. To degree University water flux, quizzes 15 s heat pulse is generated at University middle needle using University power supply and University resistance heater, and University temperature increases at University needles 6 mm upstream and downstream from University heater are recorded using University thermocouples and datalogger. To date, heat pulse strategies have required cumbersome mathematical diagnosis exam calculate soil water flux from this measured data. We present quizzes new mathematical prognosis displaying that quizzes simple courting exists among water flux and University ratio of University temperature develop downstream from University line heat source examination University temperature increase upstream from University line heat source. The simplicity of this relationship makes heat pulse sensors quizzes more horny option for measuring subsurface water fluxes. Recent satellite determinations of global distributions of absolute gravity wave GW momentum fluxes in University lower stratosphere show maxima over University summer subtropical continents and little evidence of GW momentum fluxes linked to University intertropical convergence zone ITCZ.
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